Distributed Systems & System Design
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25 questions
Clear filtersCapacity, Isolation & Operations · Senior
CPU is at 20 percent. Why are 12,000 requests waiting?Using Little’s Law and pool budgets to explain why low CPU does not mean spare request capacity.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
Traffic rose 15 percent. Why did latency jump sixfold?Understanding nonlinear queueing delay near saturation without turning a simplified model into a universal rule.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
One refund failed. Why can't the metrics dashboard find that request?Choose which telemetry signal answers fleet health, individual decisions and distributed request paths without exploding metric cardinality.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
Samples per second stayed flat. Why did the metrics server run out of memory?Diagnose series-creation and label-churn pressure independently of sample volume and design observable safety limits.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The server received 160 MB of samples. Why are the compressed chunks so small?Explain why delta-of-delta timestamps and XOR floats compress predictable series and when that advantage disappears.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
We kept hourly metrics for two years. Why can't we reconstruct last Tuesday's spike?Design retention, rollup dependencies, valid mergeable statistics and safe query precision across raw and coarse intervals.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
Region A reports 100 ms p99. Region B reports 10 seconds. What's the global p99?Demonstrate the non-mergeability of local quantiles and design correct aggregation of histogram populations.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
One dashboard opened a 30-day graph. Why did every metrics query slow down?Protect the shared metrics store using read-work cost budgets, fairness, workload isolation and appropriate query resolution.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
CPU is at 40%. Why is the pod being throttled?Explain bursty cgroup CPU quota enforcement and validate scheduling-related tail latency.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Senior
Every few minutes, p99 jumps by 300 ms. Is it garbage collection?Diagnose Java GC-related tail latency using JFR events, allocation rate and live data size.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
We upgraded from 16 cores to 64. Why did throughput fall?Measure serialization caused by global locks and redesign for per-key independent ownership.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Principal
The database moved to a bigger server. Why did memory get slower?Measure remote memory access and decide CPU/memory placement for database working sets.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The database never crashed. Why did swapping make every query slow?Distinguish swap occupancy, active memory faults and reclaim stalls while designing memory budgets.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Senior
The disk is fast and the network is fast. Why does copying data use all the CPU?Explain why kernel-assisted file-to-socket transfer removes redundant user-space copies and its limits.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Senior
Fifty services sit behind one gateway. Why is every launch waiting on its team?Separate cross-cutting edge responsibilities from domain authorization and client-specific BFF composition without creating a shared business monolith.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The contract says 100 requests per second. Why did 200 requests pass at midnight?Explain fixed window burst boundaries and choose among exact or approximate sliding counts, token buckets and paced queues based on workload semantics.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
We admit only 500 requests per second. Why does latency still collapse?Differentiate request arrival rate from concurrent scarce work using Little’s Law and build a feedback limiter with bounded queueing and oscillation controls.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Principal
Checkout is overloaded. Should premium customers get every available slot?Allocate scarce API work by criticality and work cost, preserve tenant fairness, and shed early rather than treat paid-user priority as unlimited access.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The policy service is down. Should the gateway let everyone through?Specify different safe degraded behaviors for authentication, rate limiting, fraud scoring and feature flags with bounded freshness and auditable recovery.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Senior
ZooKeeper is healthy again. Why is every API request still waiting for it?Move ordinary configuration reads into validated atomic local snapshots, with safe bootstrap, watch recovery and differentiated staleness policies.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The dead instance was removed. Why do clients keep calling it?Distinguish updated service registry membership from per-client caches, existing connection pools and graceful versus unexpected backend loss.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Principal
One configuration field changed. How do you roll it out to 1,000 services?Deliver versioned, semantically validated and compatible configuration to large fleets through measurable staged rollout and tested rollback.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Staff
The feature flag says off. Why are some customers still seeing the feature?Design deterministic local feature-flag evaluation, context propagation, version observability and critical kill-switch limits.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Principal
The routing config passed every check. Why did one cell receive 70% of traffic?Reject routing configurations that pass parsing but violate weighted capacity, state ownership, residency or safe rollback conditions.
Capacity, Isolation & Operations · Principal
One resource changed. Why did thousands of controllers start hammering the API?Use list/watch, coalesced rate-limited reconcile queues, controlled retries and idempotent external operations to recover from watch and API-server interruptions.